Exploring the role of halogen bonding in iodonium ylides: insights into unexpected reactivity and reaction control
- Carlee A. Montgomery and
- Graham K. Murphy
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2023, 19, 1171–1190, doi:10.3762/bjoc.19.86
Graphical Abstract
Figure 1: Generic representation of halogen bonding.
Figure 2: Quantitative evaluation of σ-holes in monovalent iodine-containing compounds; and, qualitative mole...
Figure 3: Quantitative evaluation of σ-holes in hypervalent iodine-containing molecules; and, qualitative MEP...
Figure 4: Quantitative evaluation of σ-holes in iodonium ylides; and, qualitative MEP map of I-12 from −0.083...
Scheme 1: Outline of possible reaction pathways between iodonium ylides and Lewis basic nucleophiles (top); a...
Scheme 2: Metal-free cyclopropanations of iodonium ylides, either as intermolecular (a) or intramolecular pro...
Figure 5: Zwitterionic mechanism for intramolecular cyclopropanation of iodonium ylides (left); and, stepwise...
Scheme 3: Metal-free intramolecular cyclopropanation of iodonium ylides.
Figure 6: Concerted cycloaddition pathway for the metal-free, intramolecular cyclopropanation of iodonium yli...
Scheme 4: Reaction of ylide 6 with diphenylketene to form lactone 24 and 25.
Figure 7: Nucleophilic (top) and electrophilic (bottom) addition pathways proposed by Koser and Hadjiarapoglo...
Scheme 5: Indoline synthesis from acyclic iodonium ylide 31 and tertiary amines.
Scheme 6: N-Heterocycle synthesis from acyclic iodonium ylide 31 and secondary amines.
Figure 8: Proposed mechanism for the formation of 33a from iodonium ylides and amines, involving an initial h...
Scheme 7: Indoline synthesis from acyclic iodonium ylides 39 and tertiary amines under blue light photocataly...
Scheme 8: Metal-free cycloproponation of iodonium ylides under blue LED irradiation. aUsing trans-β-methylsty...
Figure 9: Proposed mechanism of the cyclopropanation between iodonium ylides and alkenes under blue LED irrad...
Scheme 9: Formal C–H alkylation of iodonium ylides by nucleophilic heterocycles under blue LED irradiation.
Figure 10: Proposed mechanism of the formal C–H insertion of pyrrole under blue LED irradiation.
Scheme 10: X–H insertions between iodonium ylides and carboxylic acids, phenols and thiophenols.
Figure 11: Mechanistic proposal for the X–H insertion reactions of iodonium ylides.
Scheme 11: Radiofluorination of biphenyl using iodonium ylides 54a–e derived from various β-dicarbonyl auxilia...
Scheme 12: Radiofluorination of arenes using spirocycle-derived iodonium ylides 56.
Scheme 13: Radiofluorination of arenes using SPIAd-derived iodonium ylides 58.
Figure 12: Calculated reaction coordinate for the radiofluorination of iodonium ylide 60.
Scheme 14: Radiofluorination of iodonium ylides possessing various ortho- and para-substituents on the iodoare...
Figure 13: Difference in Gibbs activation energy for ortho- or para-anisyl derived iodonium ylides 63a and 63b....
Figure 14: Proposed equilibration of intermediates to transit between 64a (the initial adduct formed between 6...
Scheme 15: Comparison of 31 and ortho-methoxy iodonium ylide 39 in rhodium-catalyzed cyclopropanation and cycl...
Figure 15: X-ray crystal structure of dimeric 39 [6], (CCDC# 893474) [143,144].
Scheme 16: Enaminone synthesis using diazonium and iodonium ylides.
Figure 16: Transition state calculations for enaminone synthesis from iodonium ylides and thioamides.
Scheme 17: The reaction between ylides 73a–f and N-methylpyrrole under 365 nm UV irradiation.
Figure 17: Crystal structures of 76c (top) and 76e (bottom) [101], (CCDC# 2104180 & 2104181) [143,144].
